GDP per capita, long-run history: compare countries

See GDP per capita, long-run history for up to four countries side by side.

Countries being compared

Four countries are being compared, the most the chart can show clearly. Remove one to add another.

GDP per capita, long-run history by country

Annual, International dollars (2011 prices)

Source: Maddison Project Database 2023

GDP per capita, long-run history: latest observations by country
Date	France	United States	Germany	Estonia
Dec 31, 1999	32,285	44,576	32,088	15,335
Dec 31, 2000	33,410	45,886	33,367	16,807
Dec 31, 2001	33,920	45,878	34,260	17,697
Dec 31, 2002	34,153	46,266	34,591	18,589
Dec 31, 2003	34,292	47,158	34,716	19,772
Dec 31, 2004	35,094	48,493	35,529	20,804
Dec 31, 2005	35,495	49,655	36,206	22,519
Dec 31, 2006	36,166	50,490	38,014	24,579
Dec 31, 2007	36,846	50,902	39,752	26,178
Dec 31, 2008	36,762	50,276	40,715	24,429
Dec 31, 2009	35,535	48,453	38,963	20,538
Dec 31, 2010	36,087	49,267	41,110	20,713
Dec 31, 2011	36,691	49,675	43,189	21,997
Dec 31, 2012	36,626	50,436	43,288	22,784
Dec 31, 2013	36,647	51,011	43,359	23,204
Dec 31, 2014	36,819	51,797	44,133	23,983
Dec 31, 2015	37,078	52,808	44,405	24,474
Dec 31, 2016	37,344	53,301	45,030	25,196
Dec 31, 2017	38,037	54,152	46,065	26,662
Dec 31, 2018	38,555	55,455	46,377	27,596
Dec 31, 2019	39,085	56,469	46,762	28,506
Dec 31, 2020	35,914	54,379	44,996	28,262
Dec 31, 2021	38,242	57,523	46,159	30,499
Dec 31, 2022	39,066	58,487	46,648	30,067

Source: Bolt, J. and van Zanden, J.L. (2024), Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update, Journal of Economic Surveys, 1-41, DOI 10.1111/joes.12618. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. The original sources are listed on each page.

All data sources

Original sources of these estimates

GDP pc: 2008 - 2022: Total Economy Database the Conference Board for all countries included in TED. Otherwise UN national accounts statistics

France

1: Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91
1276–1800: Ridolfi, L., & Nuvolari, A. (2021). L’histoire immobile? A reappraisal of French economic growth using the demand-side approach, 1280–1850. European Review of Economic History, 25(3), 405–428
1850-1913: Toutain, Le Produit interieur de la France de 1789 a 1982, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1987
1920-1950: Toutain, Le Produit interieur de la France de 1789 a 1982, Presses Universitaires de Grenoble, 1987

United States

1650 - 1790: McCusker, John J., ‘Colonial Statistics’, Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press. V-671.
1790 - 1870: Sutch, R. (2006). National Income and Product. Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press III-23-25.
1800-1830: Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data)
1820-1950: GDP movement from Maddison (1995a), amended for 1820–70 to include income of the indigenous population (taken to be $400 per capita in 1820 and 1870).

Germany

1500-1850: Pfister, U. (2022). Economic Growth in Germany, 1500–1850. The Journal of Economic History, 82(4), 1071–1107
1850-1950: Hoffmann, Grumbach and Hesse, op. cit., pp. 454-5.

No separate list is published for Estonia; the database as a whole is cited above.