GDP per capita, long-run history: compare countries

See GDP per capita, long-run history for up to four countries side by side.

Countries being compared

Four countries are being compared, the most the chart can show clearly. Remove one to add another.

GDP per capita, long-run history by country

Annual, International dollars (2011 prices)

Source: Maddison Project Database 2023

GDP per capita, long-run history: latest observations by country
Date	Indonesia	United States	Germany	Portugal
Dec 31, 1999	5,187	44,576	32,088	22,590
Dec 31, 2000	5,384	45,886	33,367	23,372
Dec 31, 2001	5,526	45,878	34,260	23,751
Dec 31, 2002	5,720	46,266	34,591	23,896
Dec 31, 2003	5,939	47,158	34,716	23,678
Dec 31, 2004	6,181	48,493	35,529	24,143
Dec 31, 2005	6,482	49,655	36,206	24,378
Dec 31, 2006	6,783	50,490	38,014	24,809
Dec 31, 2007	7,157	50,902	39,752	25,477
Dec 31, 2008	7,633	50,276	40,715	25,591
Dec 31, 2009	7,936	48,453	38,963	24,902
Dec 31, 2010	8,386	49,267	41,110	25,463
Dec 31, 2011	8,849	49,675	43,189	25,133
Dec 31, 2012	9,272	50,436	43,288	24,211
Dec 31, 2013	9,676	51,011	43,359	24,120
Dec 31, 2014	10,051	51,797	44,133	24,442
Dec 31, 2015	10,432	52,808	44,405	24,984
Dec 31, 2016	10,850	53,301	45,030	25,569
Dec 31, 2017	11,292	54,152	46,065	26,530
Dec 31, 2018	11,768	55,455	46,377	27,330
Dec 31, 2019	12,250	56,469	46,762	28,056
Dec 31, 2020	11,895	54,379	44,996	25,700
Dec 31, 2021	12,234	57,523	46,159	27,138
Dec 31, 2022	12,802	58,487	46,648	28,992

Source: Bolt, J. and van Zanden, J.L. (2024), Maddison style estimates of the evolution of the world economy: A new 2023 update, Journal of Economic Surveys, 1-41, DOI 10.1111/joes.12618. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. The original sources are listed on each page.

All data sources

Original sources of these estimates

GDP pc: 2008 - 2022: Total Economy Database the Conference Board for all countries included in TED. Otherwise UN national accounts statistics

Indonesia

1815 – 1880 (Java): Van Zanden (2012). “Economic Growth in Java 1815-1939: The Reconstruction of the Historical National Accounts of a Colonial Economy”, Maddison-Project Working Paper WP-3.
1880-2008: Van der Eng, P. (2010). The Sources of Long-Term Economic Growth in Indonesia, 1880-2008”, Explorations in Economic History, 47: 294-309

United States

1650 - 1790: McCusker, John J., ‘Colonial Statistics’, Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press. V-671.
1790 - 1870: Sutch, R. (2006). National Income and Product. Historical Statistics of the United States: Earliest Time to the Present, in S. B. Carter, S. S. Gartner, M. R. Haineset al. New York, Cambridge University Press III-23-25.
1800-1830: Prados de la Escosura, L. (2009). “Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America,” Journal of Latin America Studies 41: 279–307. (updated data)
1820-1950: GDP movement from Maddison (1995a), amended for 1820–70 to include income of the indigenous population (taken to be $400 per capita in 1820 and 1870).

Germany

1500-1850: Pfister, U. (2022). Economic Growth in Germany, 1500–1850. The Journal of Economic History, 82(4), 1071–1107
1850-1950: Hoffmann, Grumbach and Hesse, op. cit., pp. 454-5.

Portugal

1: Scheidel, W. and Friesen, S. J., ‘The size of the economy and the distribution of income in the Roman Empire’, Journal of Roman Studies, 99 (2009), pp. 61–91
1530–1850: Palma, N., & Reis, J. (2019). From Convergence to Divergence: Portuguese Economic Growth, 1527–1850. The Journal of Economic History, 79(2), 477-506. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000056
1850-1913: Pedro Lains, "How Far Can We Go? Measuring Portuguese Economic Growth (1850-1913)"
1938-1950: R. Janes Cartado and N.E. Sequeira da Rosa, Series Longas as Contas Nacionais Portuguesas 1958-1985, Banco de Portugal, Lisbon,